Fig. 2

Location of Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo volcanoes. A Map of the Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo volcanic field showing the location of eruptive fissures and vents, and the historical lava flows of Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo volcanoes (from Smets et al. 2010; Smets and Poppe 2016). B Map showing the main volcanic edifices of the VVP (white triangles), the location of the southern part of the Virunga National Park (green area), roads (yellow lines) and urban areas (red areas). Nya = Nyamulagira; Nyi = Nyiragongo; Mik = Mikeno; Kar = Karisimbi; Vis = Visoke; Sab = Sabinyo; Gah = Gahinga; Muh = Muhavura. C Location of the VVP within the western branch of the East African Rift System. Background: SRTM DEM based hillshade image